The three findings described above (micrognathia, glossoptosis, U-shaped cleft palate) are the 3 essential components of Pierre Robin Sequence (also known as Pierre Robin Syndrome). Affected babies often suffer from airway obstruction and difficulties with feeding.

Characteristic physical exam findings for Beckwith-Wiedeman Syndrome include macrosomia (high birth weight and length), macroglossia (large tongue), and anterior abdominal wall defects.

Although both the green and yellow flags represent areas innervated by the median nerve, the area marked by the yellow flag is innervated by the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. The palmar cutaneous branch travels superficial to the flexor retinaculum, and is thus spared in carpal tunnel syndrome.

The blue flag represents an area innervated by the ulnar nerve.

The red flag represents an area innervated by the radial nerve.

Difficult to answer because the literature uses both thickness and depth to define Breslow's. I would get rid of depth and use something else as a fourth option.

A Salter-Harris type II fracture involves both the physis and metaphysis, however there is no involvement of the epiphysis. Type II is the most common type of Salter-Harris fracture and rarely results in a limitation of function.

Salter-Harris Type Classification
I - S - Slipped (fracture through physis)
II - A - Above (fracture through physis and metaphysis)
III - L - Lower (fracture through physis and epiphysis)
IV - T - Through (fracture through epiphysis, physis, and metaphysis)
V - ER - Erased (crushed epiphyseal plate)

Some tips to decrease the pain associated with injecting local anesthetic:

1) Use a fine gauge needle (27 or 30)
2) Inject slowly. This way the anesthetic is able to numb the pain of stretching caused by the injection.
3) Add sodium bicarbonate to the anesthetic in a 10:1 ratio
4) Poke perpendicular to the skin rather than at an angle
5) Inject into tissues before advancing the needle through them

Using these techniques its possible to freeze a relatively large area without discomfort. Ideally the patient should only feel slight pain from the initial poke.

ECRL inserts into the base of the second metacarpal. ECRB inserts into the base of the third metacarpal.

The first step in the management of this patient should be to attempt closed reduction under local anesthesia.

In general, indications for operative treatment include open fracture, irreducible fracture, unstable fracture following closed reduction.

Nail bed injuries are common with distal phalanx fractures because of the close proximity of both structures. If a subungual hematoma greater than 50% is seen, one should consider exploration and repair of the nail bed (some sources say greater than 25%).